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Izixazululo ze-Hydrogen zekusasa eline-Carbon ephansi: Amandla ezentengiselwano nezezimboni
Kwadalwa ngo 09.05
Izixazululo Ze-Hydrogen Zekusasa Elinekharbonu Ephansi: Amandla Ezentengiselwano Nezimboni
Kungani Umhlaba Udinga Ukuguqulwa Kwamandla Ekharbonu Ephansi
Ukunciphisa ikhabhoni emhlabeni wonke akuseyona into yesithembiso sezinkampani ezikude; sekuyinselele yezobunjiniyela nezomnotho edinga isinyathelo esiqinile namuhla. Izakhiwo zamahhovisi ezentengiselwano zincike kugesi oqhubekayo ukuze kukhanyiswe, kupholiswe, futhi kusetshenziswe ingqalasizinda yedijithali, futhi isidingo sazo esixhumene negridi sifaka isandla ngqo ekukhuleni kwekhabhoni yesifunda. Izikhungo zedatha, manje ezicishe zibe ngamaphesenti angu-1–2 okusetshenziswa kukagesi emhlabeni wonke, kufanele ziqinisekise ukunikezwa kukagesi okungaphazamiseki ngenkathi zibhekene nengcindezi evela kumakhasimende yokudalula izinto ezikhishwayo ze-Scope 2. Amafektri nabakhiqizi basebenzisa imishini esindayo edinga amandla amakhulu, athunyelwayo, ngokuvamile anikezwa izinjini zikadizili ezikhipha izinhlayiya kanye ne-CO₂. Ngasikhathi sinye, umkhakha wezokuthutha, ikakhulukazi izimoto zentengiselwano, ubheka izinjini ezingathwala imithwalo esindayo emabangeni amade ngaphandle kokungcola okuphuma epayipini. Lezi zidingo ezihlangana zembula iqiniso elilula: ugesi wodwa awukwazi ukuxazulula zonke izinkinga zokukhishwa, futhi yilapho i-hydrogen ingena khona njengengxenye engekho.
Ugesi ohlanzekile ovela emoyeni naselangeni usukhula ngobuningi, kodwa awunakho ukungaguquguquki: umoya awuphefumuli futhi ilanga alikhanyi ngokwesidingo. Uma ukungena kwezinto ezivuselelekayo kudlula cishe amaphesenti angama-30, amandla engeziwe ancishiswa ntambama enomoya futhi kuvela ukushoda okukhulu kusihlwa sasebusika. Amabhethri ahlinzeka ngokugcina isikhathi esifushane okuhle kwezikhathi ezimbalwa, kodwa awanazo izindleko eziphansi noma awasebenzi ekugcineni amaviki amandla ezinkathini ezahlukene. I-hydrogen ehlanzekile, ngokuphambene, igcina amandla ngamakhemikhali ngezinga elikhulu, kusuka kuma-megawatt-hora kuya kuma-terawatt-hora, ngezinga elincane lezindleko zokugcina kumabhethri amakhulu. Ingakhiqizwa noma nini lapho ugesi ushibhile bese ilethwa lapho idingeka khona: kumjikijeli wamandla we-fuel cell, ku-powertrain yemoto yezentengiselwano, noma esithandweni sezimboni. Ngamafuphi, izixazululo ze-hydrogen zekusasa eline-carbon ephansi zihlanganisa amandla avuselelekayo amaningi nokuguquguquka nokuqina okudingwa amabhizinisi anamuhla.
I-Hydrogen: Isithwali Samandla Ahlanzekile
IHydrogen iyisici esilula futhi esigcwele kakhulu emhlabeni wonke, sakha cishe izingxenye ezintathu kwezine zayo yonke into evamile. Njengomthwali wamandla, impawu yayo emangalisayo iwukuminyana kwamandla ngobuningi: ikhilogremu elilodwa le-hydrogen liqukethe cishe ama-megajoule angu-120 wamandla, okucishe kube izikhathi ezintathu zokuminyana kwamandla ngobuningi kukaphethroli noma udizili. Lapho leyo hydrogen isabela nomoya-mpilo ngaphakathi kweseli likaphethroli, okukhiphayo kuphela ugesi, ukushisa, namanzi ahlanzekile, umjikelezo ongenakukhipha umoya ongcolisayo endaweni yokusetshenziswa. Le khemistri yombane ehlanzekile isho ukuthi umshini wokuphehla ugesi nge-hydrogen fuel cell ungena esikhundleni samasethi kadizili ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ukusabela okusheshayo komthwalo, futhi lokhu kuchaza ukuthi kungani i-hydrogen ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi ummese we-Swiss Army wokunciphisa ikhabhoni. Izinhlelo zayo zokusetshenziswa zihlanganisa ukuphehla ugesi, amandla okuhamba ezimoto zebhizinisi, ukushisa kwezimboni, nezinto zokudla zamakhemikhali ze-ammonia, i-methanol, nokucwengwa kukaphethroli. Kulezo zindawo, i-hydrogen yehlisa ukukhishwa komoya ongcolisayo namuhla futhi yakha ibhuloho lobuchwepheshe elibheke emnothweni wamandla avuselelekayo ngokuphelele kusasa.
Imehluko ebalulekile kufanele yenziwe phakathi kwe-hydrogen enhle ne-hydrogen embi: i-hydrogen ihlanzeka kuphela ngokulingana nenqubo eyayidala. I-hydrogen empunga, eyenziwe ngegesi yemvelo nge-steam methane reforming, ikhipha cishe u-9–10 kg we-CO₂ ngekhilogramu ye-hydrogen ekhiqizwayo, kuyilapho i-hydrogen eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ihlanganisa leyo nqubo nokugcinwa nokubanjwa kwekhabhoni. I-hydrogen eluhlaza, ekhiqizwa nge-electrolysis kusetshenziswa ugesi ovuselelekayo, iqala impilo njengamanzi ahlanzekile ahlukaniswa abe yi-hydrogen nomoya-mpilo ngaphandle kwezinto ezikhipha igesi ebamba ukushisa. Ngenxa yokuthi ama-electrolyzer angabekwa ngqo esizeni senkampani, i-hydrogen akudingeki ihambe amakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane ngeloli, futhi amabhizinisi angahlanganisa ukukhiqizwa kwe-hydrogen esizeni namandla omoya nelanga aphuma phezulu noma angeniswe ngesivumelwano. Lokhu kuguquguquka kokukhiqiza kusiza futhi izinhlangano ukuthi zinciphise ikhabhoni hhayi kuphela kugesi wazo kodwa nasekushiseni nasezindleleni zokuthutha ngamasu ahleliwe. Ukwamukela i-hydrogen njengomthwali wamandla ahlanzekile ekugcineni kuvumela izinkampani ukuthi zidlulele emibonweni yokuthenga okusimeme ziye ekunciphiseni okungaqinisekiswa, okubonakalayo kokukhishwa kwegesi.
Ukukhiqiza I-Hydrogen Ehlanzekile Nge-ALK Ne-AEM Electrolysis
I-Alkaline (ALK) electrolysis iwubuchwepheshe obusungulwe kakhulu bokuhlukanisa amanzi ngogesi kwezentengiselwano, obusebenza ezimbonini kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili. Isebenza ku-electrolyte eyi-liquid potassium hydroxide (KOH) enama-electrode asekelwe ku-nickel, inikeza izindleko eziphansi zokuqala, ukuhlelwa kwe-bipolar yesimanje okuqinile, kanye nempilo yokusebenza efinyelela eminyakeni engama-20–25. Amayunithi e-ALK esizukulwane esisha ngokuvamile afinyelela ukusebenza kahle kwesistimu okungama-60–70 percent, futhi abanye abahlinzeki baqinisekisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okungaba ngu-4.0–4.5 kWh nge-normal cubic meter eyodwa ye-hydrogen. Ngenxa yokuthi ama-alkaline stacks angakhuliswa kumaphrojekthi ama-multi-megawatt kanye nama-gigawatt, ahlala eyinsika yokusebenza yezikhungo ze-hydrogen zezimboni ezixhunywe emapulazini amakhulu omoya noma elanga. Ubulula bawo bamakhemikhali futhi busho ukuthi ukunakekelwa akudingi izinto ezingajwayelekile noma amaqembu akhethekile, okunciphisa isikhathi sokuvalwa ngenkani. Efasitini enkulu efuna umkhiqizo oqinile wansuku zonke kanye nokuthembeka okuqinisekisiwe, i-ALK iseyisinqumo esijwayelekile ku-electrolysis yezentengiselwano namuhla.
I-membrane ye-anion-exchange (AEM) electrolysis imelela umkhawulo ohamba ngesivinini esikhulu kunayo yonke ngoba ihlanganisa izinto ezisetshenziswayo ezingabizi kakhulu zezinhlelo ze-alkaline kanye nomklamo ohlangene futhi oguquguqukayo wama-membrane e-proton-exchange. I-electrolyzer ye-AEM isebenza ngamanzi e-deionized amsulwa isebenzisa ama-catalyst angabizi futhi atholakala kalula emhlabeni, futhi ingasabela ngokushesha kumandla avuselelwayo aguquguqukayo ngaphandle kokuwohloka kwama-catalyst ayizinsimbi eziyigugu. Leli khono lokulandela umthwalo ngokushesha lihambisana kahle namandla elanga akhuphuka ngesikhathi sasemini noma umoya oqina ngesikhathi seziphepho, okwandisa inani le-hydrogen eluhlaza etholakala emandleni obekungasetshenziswa ngenye indlela. Ukusebenza kahle kwesistimu manje sekusondela kuma-62–72 percent kuma-stack amasha okuhweba, futhi intengo iyehla njengoba umthamo wokukhiqiza ukhula udlula amakhulu e-megawatts. Amayunithi e-AEM ngokuvamile ahlanganiswa ngama-modular containers angu-0.5–2 MW, okwenza ukukhiqizwa kwe-hydrogen endaweni kube okusebenzayo ngisho nasekhampasi yezohwebo ephakathi nendawo noma esikhungweni sedatha. Ndawonye, ama-electrolyzer e-ALK ne-AEM anikeza amabhizinisi izinsika ezimbili eziwadingayo ukuze akhiqize uphethiloli ohlanzekile endaweni, futhi abahlinzeki abaningi be-turnkey manje bahlanganisa i-electrolysis, ama-fuel cell, nokuhlolwa kwemvelo kube yinto eyodwa ethunyelwayo, njengoba kukhonjisiwe ku-Isixazululo ikhasi.
Amasistimu Okukhiqiza Amandla Nge-Hydrogen Fuel Cell Okusekela Nokubamba Amandla Okuyinhloko
Noma kuphi lapho amandla kagesi angaphazamiseki ebaluleke kakhulu, amajeneretha kagesi e-hydrogen fuel cell asemathathela indawo yamajeneretha asebenza ngowoyela ngokushesha. Amabhilidi amakhulu amahhovisi okuhweba afaka ama-fuel cell anganyakazi ukuze kukhokhelwe isidingo esiphezulu, ukukhanya kwezimo eziphuthumayo, kanye nemithwalo ebalulekile yekhompyutha, okuqeda iphunga likadizili, umsindo, kanye nokunakekelwa kwama-genset endabuko okulindile. Ama-data center andisa lokhu okuphuthumayo: amaseva awo asebenza amahora angu-24/7 futhi ihora elilodwa lokungasebenzi lingabiza izigidi zamadola, ngakho abaqhubi bokusebenza badinga amandla angahanjiswa ngemizuzwana futhi aqhubeke amahora amaningi. Izinhlelo zesimanje ze-hydrogen fuel cell zinikeza ngqo le nhlanganisela: ukusabela okusheshayo komthwalo, ukwethembeka okuphezulu, ukusebenza okucishe kungabi namsindo, kanye nokungabi nakho ukukhishwa komoya okungafani nomusi wamanzi nomoya ofudumele. Zingasebenza njengamayunithi okunikeza amandla angaphazamiseki noma njengamajeneretha amandla ayinhloko ahanjisa amakhulu ama-kilowatt ngokuqhubekayo, ngokuvamile abelana umthwalo nebhethri. Idizayini ye-modular ivumela ukwanda komthamo kancane kancane, kuqale ku-100 kW namuhla futhi kukhuphuke kufinyelele kuma-megawatt ambalwa njengoba isikhungo sikhula.
Izindawo zezimboni kanye namandla okugcina ephothifoliyo yefektri zidinga izinto ezinzima ezingavamile, njengomoya ongcolile, ukushisa kwendawo, kanye nokudlidliza okuphezulu, nokho amaseli kaphethiloli akubekezelela ngendlela emangalisayo. Imojuli eyodwa yamandla eseli kaphethiloli ye-hydrogen engu-250 kW inganikeza igumbi lokulawula lefektri lonke amahora angu-24 kanye nomthwalo wokuxwayisa ngomlilo, futhi uma ihlanganiswa ngamaqoqo ingathatha indawo yomthamo oyisisekelo wemboni yedizili engu-1–2 MW. Ngenxa yokuthi i-hydrogen ingakhiqizwa endaweni nge-ALK/AEM electrolysis ngezikhathi zokwehla kwamandla kugridi, azikho iziloli zokuletha ezingena, azikho amathangi angcoliswe uphethiloli, futhi akudingeki uhlelo lokuphendula ngokuchitheka. Lesi simiso sinikeza i-remote telemetry, ukuqala nokuma okuzenzakalelayo, kanye nezingaphakathi zokugcinwa okulindelekile, ngakho abaphathi bamandla ezikhungo bangayithatha njengempahla yensiza ethule, ehlanzekile elula njengebhethri. Izinkampani ezifana ne-Shanghai Mingzheng Technology Co., Ltd. ziletha lezi zitshalo zamandla e-hydrogen ezimile ezingaguquki, zinikeze kokubili i-fuel cell stack architecture kanye nengqalasizinda yokuhlola kwemvelo kanye nekhwalithi enquma impilo yesevisi ende. Ukwamukela la mandla okugcina angenazo izinto ezikhishwayo akunciphisi kuphela umkhondo wekhabhoni wezikhungo kodwa futhi kuvikela abaphathi bamandla ezintengo ezingaguquki zedizili kanye nogesi wegrigi.
Ama-Commercial Vehicle Hydrogen Powertrains Omkhumbi Ongenayo I-Tailpipe
Amabhasi, amaloli kadoti, ogandaganda basemachwebeni, kanye nama-semitrailer ohambo olude bakha umndeni wezimoto lapho amandla kagesi ebhethri evamise ukwehluleka kwezomnotho wokusebenza, futhi lapho i-hydrogen iya ngokuya ikhanya khona. Imoto yezentengiselwano esebenza nge-fuel cell ye-hydrogen ivamise ukulingana nebanga lika-400–600 km ngokugcwalisa uphethiloli kanye nomthwalo wangaphambili wedizili, ngoba i-fuel cell kanye nohlelo lwethangi zisinda kancane kakhulu ngeyunithi ngayinye yamandla agciniwe kunebhethri elikhulu le-lithium. Ukugcwalisa uphethiloli kuthatha kuphela imizuzu engu-10–15 ku-dispenser ye-hydrogen engu-350 noma 700 bar, kuyilapho iloli lebhethri elifanayo lidinga isikhathi esingaphezu kwehora ku-shesha ye-megawatt, uma ikhona. Ngenxa yokuthi amandla e-fuel cell ye-hydrogen ezinjini yezimoto aguqula amandla ekhemikhali abe ugesi ngaphakathi emotweni futhi akhiphe umusi wamanzi kuphela epayipini lokukhipha, ayanelisa izindawo zokungabi nakungcola zasendaweni kusukela eParis kuya eCalifornia ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa isivinini sokuhamba. Ukusebenza kwawo emazingeni okushisa aphezulu kakhulu nakho kuhle kakhulu, ngakho-ke izinkampani ezisebenza ezindaweni ezinokushisa okungu-−20 °C aziboni ukwehla kwesizini okuvamile ezimotweni zamandla kagesi ebhethri. Kubaqhubi bezinkampani, lokhu kulinganisa ibanga, isikhathi sokusebenza, kanye nokusebenza okuhlanzekile kunzima ukukweqa.
Isakhiwo se-powertrain yesimanje ye-hydrogen yezimoto ezisindayo silula ngendlela emnene: i-hydrogen igeleza iye ku-fuel cell stack eshaja ibhethri elincane le-buffer, kuyilapho i-motor kagesi ishayela amasondo. Konke ukwehla kuvumela i-regenerative braking ibuyele kulelo buffer, kubuyiselwe amandla e-kinetic obekuzolahlwa njengokushisa. Ochwepheshe bokuthutha ibanga elide bathanda le ndlela ye-hybrid ngoba i-fuel cell ingasebenza ngezinga elingaguquki nelisebenza kahle kakhulu kuyilapho ibhethri limunca ama-torque peaks esikhashana nokukhuphuka kwezintaba. Umehluko wokunakekela mkhulu kakhulu: i-fuel cell stack idinga isevisi cishe njalo ngemva kwe-500,000 km, okuyishumi elilodwa lezikhathi zesevisi zenjini ye-diesel, futhi akukho exhaust aftertreatment, ukukhipha uwoyela, noma i-particulate filter monitor. Njengoba izindleko eziphelele zobunikazi sezivele zisondela kudizela ezinhlelweni ezimbalwa zoxhaso zaseYurophu naseShayina, abaqali bokuqala phakathi kwezinkampani zokulethwa kwamaphakethe nezokuthutha kwesifunda bathatha lolu shintsho njengenzuzo yokuncintisana kunokuba kube ukuhlola. Imishini yokukhiqiza neyokuqinisekisa esezingeni lezimoto, njengemigqa yokuhlanganisa i-stack namagumbi okuhlola agqanyiswe ku-Imishini ehlobene ne-fuel cell
ikhasi, sisiza ukunciphisa leso sikhathi sokuthuthukisa umkhiqizo kakhulu.
Kungani Ukwehla Kwe-LCOE Kuzokwenza I-Hydrogen Ishibhe Kune-Fossil Power
Ixabiso elilinganiselwe lokusetshenziswa kukagesi, noma i-LCOE, likala izindleko eziphelele zomthombo wamandla empilweni yawo yonke, kufaka phakathi imali yokuqala, uphethiloli, ukusebenza, nokunakekela, kuhlukaniswe ngamandla kagesi ewakhiqizayo, futhi iyisilinganiso esithembekile sokuqhathanisa ubuchwepheshe. Amandla e-hydrogen namuhla asabiza kakhulu kunogesi wegridi emazweni amaningi, cishe amasenti angu-15–40 aseMelika nge-kilowatt-hora lapho kuhlanganiswa i-fuel cell ne-hydrogen elethwayo. Leli gebe liyancipha ngejubane elimangalisayo ngenxa yezizathu ezintathu ezixhumene: izintengo zikagesi ovuselelekayo, ukusebenza kahle kwe-electrolyzer, kanye nezinga lokukhiqiza. Izivumelwano ezintsha zelanga nomoya sezivele zifinyelela kumasenti amabili kuya kwamathathu nge-kilowatt-hora ezimakethe eziningi, okunciphisa ngqo izindleko zikagesi zokufaka ku-electrolysis. Ukunyuka kwephesenti elilodwa ngokweqile ekusebenzeni kahle kwe-electrolyzer, kusuka cishe kuma-60 ekhulwini namuhla kuya kuma-70–75 ekhulwini okulindelekile, kunciphisa izindleko ze-hydrogen ngokulingana. Lapho lezi zinto zithuthukayo zihlangana nezinhlelo zikahulumeni ezihlose idola elilodwa ngekhilogramu, i-hydrogen evela ku-ALK kanye ne-AEM electrolysis izokwehla ngaphansi kwamadola amabili ngekhilogramu ngaphambi kuka-2030.
Ngenani le-hydrogen ethunyelwayo ebiza u-$1.5–2.0 ngekhilogramu ngayinye, i-LCOE yamandla e-fuel cell iba mncintiswano ngendlela emangalisayo nemithombo evamile yamafutha. Ijeneretha ye-fuel cell esebenza ngezinga lokusebenza kukagesi elingama-55–60 ekhulwini izokhiqiza ugesi ngesilinganiso esingaba ama-10–12 amasenti aseMelika nge-kilowatt-hora, okulingana nezintela zikagesi ezijwayelekile futhi osekuphansi kakhulu kunamasenti angama-25–40 abonakala kujeneretha evamile yedizili yezentengiselwano. Amagigafektri okuhlukanisa amanzi ngogesi akhulayo e-China, izitshalo zikagesi zelanga ezisezingeni legridi, kanye noxhaso lukahulumeni lwe-fuel cell kungase kwehlise izindleko nakakhulu ezimakethe ezithile zamadolobha. Ukubekwa kwentengo yekhabhoni cishe kuqinisekisa umphumela: njengoba izintengo zokuhweba ngezinto ezikhishwayo zikhuphukela ku-$80–100 ngethani ye-CO₂, ukukhiqizwa kukagesi okujwayelekile kokushisa kukhokha inhlawulo i-hydrogen engasoze yayikhokha. Isiphetho esibonakala ngokwezibalo ukuthi ijeneretha ye-hydrogen fuel cell ehlanganiswe nokuhlukaniswa kwamanzi ngogesi okuvuselelwayo izowela umkhawulo we-LCOE wamandla endabuko, bese iqhubeka nokwehla kuyilapho izindleko zezitshalo zamafutha zikhula kuphela. Ngenxa yaleso sizathu, amabhizinisi ahlela amandla okugcina amasha noma izindiza zezimoto zezentengiselwano manje akha ngokwe-hydrogen esikhundleni sokwamukela ukungaqiniseki kwentengo yedizili unomphela.
Ukusebenzisa i-Hydrogen Ukunciphisa Ikhabhoni Ezimbonini Ezinzima
Ukukhiqizwa kwensimbi njengamanje kukhiqiza cishe amaphesenti angu-7–8 okukhishwa kwe-CO₂ emhlabeni wonke, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuthi iziko lokuncibilikisa insimbi (blast furnaces) zisebenzisa i-metallurgical coke njengomthombo wokushisa kanye ne-ejenti yokunciphisa yamakhemikhali. Ukushintsha leso sinyathelo sokunciphisa sisebenzise i-hydrogen nge-direct reduced iron, noma ubuchwepheshe be-H2-DRI, kukhiqiza umhwamuko wamanzi esikhundleni se-carbon dioxide lapho i-iron ore isabela, kuqede ukukhishwa okuningi kwenqubo. Embilini ye-hydrogen-DRI, ama-iron ore pellets ahlangana ne-hydrogen cishe ku-800 °C, kukhiqize i-metallic sponge iron eya ku-electric arc furnace, kanti umhwamuko wamanzi uwumfula omkhulu wokukhishwa. Isidingo samathani ayisigidi e-hydrogen sezitshalo ezinjalo sakha isisombululo sangempela se-hydrogen esigabeni sezimboni, futhi izitshalo zokuqala zisivele zakhiwa eSweden, eChina, naseMpumalanga Ephakathi ngamanani okunikezwa aqinisekisiwe amashumi eminyaka. Njengoba lezi zinhlelo zikhula zifinyelele izinga eligcwele, isidingo se-hydrogen sokwenza insimbi sisodwa singase simunce ingxenye enkulu yomkhiqizo we-electrolyzer ohlelwe unyaka ka-2030. Lokhu kuwubufakazi bokuthi i-hydrogen ehlanzekile ayigcini ekusetshenzisweni okulula; iba umgogodla wamakhemikhali wezimboni zokuqala zensimbi ezingenayo i-carbon emhlabeni.
Ukukhiqizwa kukasimende kunzima kakhulu ngoba cishe ingxenye yezinto ezikhishwayo isemvelaphi ekwakheni umcako ekubizwa nge-calcination, kodwa i-hydrogen isahlasela ingxenye enkulu yale nkinga. Ukwakheka kwe-clinker kudinga amazinga okushisa elangabi acishe abe ngu-1,450 °C, ukushisa okutholakala namuhla kumalahle noma ku-petcoke, futhi ukufaka izibasi ze-hydrogen kunikeza lawo mazinga okushisa ngaphandle kwe-CO₂ evela kuphethiloli ngokwalo. Ukuklanywa kwesithando ngokucophelela kungaze kunciphise ukwakheka kwe-nitrogen oxide ngoba amalangabi e-hydrogen ane-nitrogen encane akhiqiza umoya okhishayo ogcwele amanzi. Imikhakha emincane ekhishayo kakhulu ilandela indlela efanayo: ukuncibilikiswa kwengilazi, izitsha zobumba, ukuncibilikiswa kabusha kwe-aluminium, nokuhlanza uphethiloli konke kuguqula amalangabi egesi yemvelo abe yi-hydrogen kancane noma ngokuphelele. Yonke i-British thermal unit yezinto ezimbiwa phansi eshintshiwe kulezi zimboni ikhuphula isifiso somhlaba samangqamuzana ahlanzekile futhi iqinisa isizathu somnotho sezitshalo ezinkulu ze-electrolysis. Ngakho-ke izimboni ezisindayo zingomunye wabahlomuli abangacacile kodwa abanamandla kakhulu bezixazululo ze-hydrogen zekusasa elinokukhipha ikhabhoni encane.
I-Shanghai Mingzheng Technology kanye Nenguquko ye-Hydrogen
Ukuhumusha lezi zifiso zibe imikhiqizo ethembekile kudinga izindlu zobunjiniyela eziqonda kokubili i-electrochemistry kanye nokulawulwa kwenqubo yezimboni, okuyindawo ekhethekile ephethwe yi-Shanghai Mingzheng Technology Co., Ltd. Le nkampani, eyasungulwa njengebhizinisi lobuchwepheshe obuphezulu kumandla e-hydrogen eluhlaza kanye nokuhlolwa kwemvelo, iletha ukuhlanganiswa okuqondile okungavamile: imigqa yayo yokukhiqiza amaseli e-fuel, izinhlelo zokuhlola ezizenzakalelayo, izindawo zokuhlanganisa ama-stack, kanye namakhamera esimo sezulu. Amakhasimende asebenzisa lezo zindawo zokuhlola amaseli e-fuel ezimodulayo ukuqinisekisa ama-stack kusukela kumaseli angawodwa kuze kufike ezinhlelweni ezinkulu zezimboni, futhi amakhamera emvelo alingisa izinga lokushisa, umswakama, kanye nokudlidliza okwedlulele okuzobekwa ukusetshenziswa kwangempela. Lolo lwazi oluhlanganisiwe lugeleza lungene emishinini kagesi ephelele, izitshalo ze-hydrogen ezimile, kanye namandla okuhamba kwezimoto zentengiselwano. Lapho izikhulu zokuthenga zihlola abathengisi be-hydrogen, lolu hlobo lwekhono oluhlanganisiwe lubaluleke kakhulu kunanoma iyiphi inombolo eyodwa encwadini yokumaketha. Ukuhamba yonke indlela kusukela ekuhlanganiseni kwe-membrane electrode kuze kufike eyunithi yamandla esigaba se-megawatt ngaphakathi kwenkampani eyodwa kunciphisa ingozi yokuxhumana ngezindlela okungeke kufaniswe neqoqo labahlinzeki abangahlobene.
Ikhono eliphelele ukusuka ekucaleni kuya ekugcineni akusilo nje isiqubulo eShanghai Mingzheng; lishintsha indlela iphrojekthi yamandla ahlanzekile eyakhiwa ngayo ngempela. Ake sithi umthuthukisi wesikhungo sedatha ufuna u-5 MW wamandla okusekela e-fuel cell asetshenziswa yi-AEM electrolyzer yakhe: iShanghai Mingzheng ingamodela ukuhlelwa kwe-stack, inikeze imibiko yokuhlolwa kwe-environmental chamber, ihlanganise i-power module, futhi inikeze i-monitoring dashboard ngaphansi kwe-purchase order eyodwa. Iqembu lezimoto lale nkampani lithuthukisa ubuchwepheshe obufanayo be-core power-unit bube yi-powertrain yamabhasi namaloli, lisebenzisa kabusha ulwazi lokukhiqiza i-stack kuzo zombili izindawo ezinganyakazi nezinganyakazi. Ngasohlangothini lokuhlola, ama-climatic chamber ayo asebenzela hhayi kuphela ama-fuel cell kodwa futhi izimoto zikagesi, amabhethri, ne-electronics, enikeza amathuluzi ahlukahlukene ezimbonini ezizokhiqiza izingxenye ze-hydrogen. Umjikelezo ophelele wehlisa ingozi yamandla nokuthembeka yomsebenzisi kuyilapho usheshisa ukusetshenziswa kusuka ekwakhiweni kuya kumandla asendaweni. Ungahlola uhla oluphelele lwemishini ku-Ukuqala I-Green Hydrogen & Ukusungula Okusha Kwe-Environmental Testing
ikhasi lasekhaya, buyekeza ucwaningo kanye nesizinda sokugunyazwa ku- Mayelana Nathi ikhasi, noma xhumana nabasebenzi bonjiniya ngqo nge- Ukusekela isiteshi sokufunda ngokwezifiso kokusebenza.
Isiphetho: Ukwakha Isu Lakho Lamandla Ekharbonu Ephansi
I-Hydrogen iyimolekyuli ehlanzekile kuphela engakwazi ukulinganisa ngasikhathi sinye amandla avuselelwayo aphazamisekayo, amandla ezinto zokuphehla ugesi ezimbonini kanye namabhilidi amakhulu, ukuqhuba izimoto zebhizinisi, kanye nokunciphisa i-carbon ku-steel no-cement. Ukuhlanganisa i-ALK ne-AEM electrolysis ukuze kukhiqizwe i-green hydrogen endaweni kanye nezinhlelo zamandla ze-hydrogen fuel cell ezinokwethenjelwa kakhulu kwakha ukuqina kwamandla ezentengiselwano okungakhiphi i-emission lapho kusetshenziswa khona. Njengoba izibikezelo ze-LCOE zibonisa ngokusobala, le nhlanganisela izoba yephansi kune-diesel nogesi ojwayelekile wokushisa phakathi kwaleli shumi leminyaka, kanti ukwehla kwezindleko kuzokhula njengoba izimboni ezinkulu ze-gigawatt ziletha ama-stack amaningi emgqeni wokukhiqiza. Amabhizinisi ahlela kabusha isakhiwo sawo samandla manje, ezakhiweni zamahhovisi, izikhungo zedatha, amandla okugcina ezimboni, kanye nezimoto zebhizinisi, azobopha ishumi leminyaka lokusebenza okungenayo i-emission, okuzinzile kwezindleko kunokuba kube elinye ishumi leminyaka lokuguquguquka kwentengo kaphethiloli. Okwamanje, imboni enzima ingathembela ku-hydrogen njengegxathu lamakhemikhali elisemuva kwe-H2-DRI steel kanye nama-kiln cement ahlanzekile. Lolu shintsho selushiye ilabhorethri, luhambisana nemibonelelo emhlabeni wonke, futhi manje ludlula emijikelezweni yokuthenga ngeyunithi elinganisekayo yama-megawatts.
Ukukhetha izisombululo ze-hydrogen ngekusasa eliphansi lekhabhoni akuseyona into yethiyori nje, futhi ubufakazi bezentengiselwano bufika emakamelweni amabhodi emhlabeni wonke. I-Shanghai Mingzheng Technology Co., Ltd. isendaweni ephakathi kwalokhu kugxuma ngephothifoliyo eyodwa ehlanganisiwe ehlanganisa ama-electrolyzer, ama-fuel cell, ama-powertrain ezimoto, imishini yokukhiqiza, namagumbi okuhlola. Amaqembu abo okuklama, ukukhiqiza, nokufaka emsebenzini angasiza ekuqhathaniseni umnotho wesikhathi esiseduze wejeneretha eliyisipele ye-fuel cell nezinhlelo zedizili nebhethri ezijwayelekile, futhi bangalinganisa i-LCOE ebikezelwayo esivumelwaneni seminyaka engu-20. Abasebenzi bamandla esikhungo bangathumela imikhawulo yesayithi namaphrofayili womthwalo ngamakhasi e-Solution noma e-Support ukuze bathole isiphakamiso esibonakalayo sohlelo lwe-hydrogen. Akekho umuntu angaphoqa yedwa ukuthi amanani ekhabhoni ehle noma enze ilanga likhanye ngesikhathi esifunwayo, kodwa wonke amabhizinisi angakhetha umlingani ongcono kakhulu wokubhekana nala maqiniso. Ukutshala imali ku-hydrogen namuhla kuyinto efana nokusebenza ngendlela engokoqobo yokwakha ikusasa eliphansi lekhabhoni ongakwazi ukulisebenzisa ngempela ngoMsombuluko ekuseni.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa (FAQ)
Yiziphi ngempela izixazululo ze-hydrogen zekusasa elinekharbonu ephansi?
Izixazululo ze-hydrogen zekusasa eliphansi kwekhabhoni zisho iqoqo elihlanganisiwe lobuchwepheshe bamandla ahlanzekile, ikakhulukazi i-electrolysis, ama-fuel cell, kanye nezinjini zezimoto, ezakhelwe ukuthatha indawo yokukhiqizwa kwe-fossil fuel. I-hydrogen ehlanzekile ikhiqizwa emanzini nge-ALK/AEM electrolysis, igcinwe endaweni, bese iphinde iguqulwe ibe ugesi ngama-fuel cell noma nini lapho isidingo sivela. La ma-molecule afanayo angashayela ama-steel mill, ama-cement kiln, namaloli asindayo, ehlanganisa imithombo yokukhishwa komoya engamashumi ngesikhathi esisodwa. Empeleni, isixazululo se-hydrogen i-chemical battery ehlanganiswe ne-clean fuel, enikeza abaqhubi begridi, izinkampani, kanye nezinsiza zikagesi umgogodla ofanayo wokunciphisa ikhabhoni. Lesi simiso sikhipha amanzi kuphela endaweni yokusetshenziswa, futhi amabhizinisi elisamukelayo akha indlela elinganisekayo eya ku-net zero.
Ingabe ama-hydrogen fuel cell power generators anganikeza amandla okusekela e-data center?
Ama-data center asetshenziswa kakhulu amandla kagesi e-fuel cell ye-hydrogen njengokushintsha okuhlanzekile kune-diesel standby gensets. Ama-fuel cell aqala ngaphakathi kwama-millisecond, aphendule ekunyukeni kwesimo esisheshayo, futhi asebenza ngokuqhubekayo amahora amaningi kuyilapho ekhipha kuphela ukushisa nomhwamuko wamanzi. Asebenza ngokuthula kangangokuthi angafakwa eduze kwamahhovisi noma amahholo e-server ngaphandle kwezindawo ezinamandla okuzwa umsindo. Njengoba i-hydrogen ingakhiqizwa endaweni ngogesi ovuselelwayo, uphethiloli wokugcina awugugi, awupheli, futhi awonakali njengoba kwenza i-diesel. Leli su lamandla okusekela angenawo umoya ongcolisayo livikela kokubili ukusebenza okuvamile kanye nemithwalo ebalulekile yesimo esiphuthumayo kuyilapho kunciphisa umkhondo wekhabhoni wesikhungo.
Iyiphi inkampani ehlinzeka ngemishini ehlanganisiwe yamafutha e-hydrogen kanye namathuluzi okukhiqiza?
I-Shanghai Mingzheng Technology Co., Ltd. iyinkampani yezobuchwepheshe esezingeni eliphezulu ekhethekile eyakha ama-hydrogen fuel cell kanye nezinhlelo ze-electrolysis kanye nemishini yokukhiqiza nokuhlola esetshenziselwa ukuzakha. Uhlu lwayo lwezinto luhlanganisa imigqa ephelele yokukhiqiza ama-fuel cell, iziteshi zokuhlanganisa ama-stack, izinhlelo zokuhlola ezizenzakalelayo, ama-climate chamber, kanye nama-module okukhiqiza ugesi. Le nkampani futhi ihlinzeka ngezinhlelo zikagesi zama-fuel cell ezinganyakazi kanye nama-powertrain ezimoto zentengiselwano asekelwe kubuchwepheshe obufanayo be-stack eyinhloko. Amakhasimende ayazuza ngoba amathuluzi enqubo kanye nemishini yasendle zivela eqenjini elilodwa lokunjiniyela elihlangene. Amaqembu anentshisekelo angabuka ikhathalogi yomkhiqizo ekhasini le-Fuel cell-related equipment lenkampani noma axhumane neqembu losekelo ukuze athole ukwakhiwa kwesistimu okwenzelwe wona.
Iyiphi indima ye-ALK ne-AEM electrolysis ezixazululweni ze-hydrogen zekusasa elinokunciphisa ikhabhoni?
I-ALK, noma i-alkaline, i-electrolysis iyindlela esunguliwe ehlukanisa amanzi abe yi-hydrogen ne-oxygen ku-electrolyte eyi-liquid potassium hydroxide, enikeza izindleko eziphansi, ama-stack aqinile, kanye nokukhula okusuka ku-megawatt kuya ku-gigawatt. I-AEM, noma i-anion-exchange membrane, i-electrolysis isebenzisa i-membrane eqinile, igwema ukuphatha uketshezi oluyingozi, futhi iphendula ngokushesha ekushintshashintsheni kokufakwayo okuvuselelekayo ngaphandle kwama-catalyst ayizinsimbi eziyigugu. Esikhathini esizayo esine-carbon ephansi, lezi zinto ezimbili ziyasekelana: i-ALK ibhekana nezitshalo ezinkulu ze-baseload kuyilapho ama-container e-AEM e-modular asebenzela ukukhiqizwa kwe-hydrogen esizeni okuguquguqukayo. I-Hydrogen ekhiqizwa ngale ndlela ithatha indawo yemikhiqizo kawoyela ezimbonini eziningi ngokukhishwa kwe-carbon okungu-zero. Ngamafuphi, ama-electrolyzer ayizimboni eziguqula ugesi oluhlaza oshibhile ube ngamafutha aluhlaza agcinekayo, andise amandla avuselelekayo ngale kwe-grid.
Ingabe i-LCOE yamandla e-hydrogen fuel cell izoba ngaphansi kwegeyithi noma amandla edizili nini?
Ukwehla kwentengo kagesi ovuselelekayo, ukukhuphuka kokusebenza kahle kwe-electrolyzer, kanye nokwanda kwesilinganiso sokukhiqiza kuholela ekutheni izindleko ze-hydrogen eluhlaza zehle zifinyelele ku-$2 ngekhilogramu. Ngaleyo ntengo, izindleko ezilinganiselwe zikagesi ezivela ku-fuel cell zehla zifinyelele cishe kumasenti angu-10–12 nge-kilowatt-hora. Lesi sibalo sesivele sincintisana nezintela ezijwayelekile zikagesi ezindaweni eziningi futhi sishibhe kakhulu kunomkhiqizo wejeneretha yedizili, okuvame ukudlula amasenti angu-25–40 nge-kilowatt-hora. Ukubekwa kwentengo yekhabhoni kwandisa igebe ngoba kujezisa ukukhiqizwa kwezinto ezimbiwa phansi kuyilapho kungathinti i-hydrogen. Izibikezelo zibonisa ukuthi i-LCOE ye-fuel cell izokwehla ngaphansi kwamandla okushisa ajwayelekile phakathi neminyaka eyishumi ezayo, futhi abaqalayo bazogcina lezo zinzuzo njengoba ubuchwepheshe buqhubeka nokufunda.
Ingabe izinjini ze-hydrogen zezimoto zentengiselwano ziyasebenza emikhunjini yamabanga amade?
Ama-powertrain e-fuel cell akhelwe amabhasi, izimoto zokulethwa, namaloli ahamba ibanga elide akhombise ukusebenza okuqinile emisebenzini yansuku zonke yezentengiselwano. Anikeza ibanga lokushayela elifanayo lama-400–600 km njengamaloli asebenzisa uphethiloli wemvelo, futhi izikhathi zokugcwalisa uphethiloli eziyimizuzu eyi-10–15 zihambisana ngokuphelele nezinhlelo ezimatasa zezimoto. Ngenxa yokuthi uchungechunge lokuguqulwa lukhipha amanzi kuphela, izimoto zihlangabezana nemithetho yokungabi nasisi elingcolisayo ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ukukhiqiza noma ubude bomzila. Isilinganiso samandla kuya kwisisindo naso sihle, sigcina umthamo wempahla uma kuqhathaniswa namabhethri amakhulu. Abasebenzi ezindaweni ezibandayo baphinde baphawule ukuthi ama-fuel cell ehla kancane kakhulu kunamabhethri e-lithium afanayo phakathi nezinyanga zasebusika. Le nhlanganisela ichaza ukuthi kungani ama-powertrain e-hydrogen ezimoto zezentengiselwano ayinsika emaphakathi yezixazululo ze-hydrogen zekusasa elinokukhipha ikhabhoni encane.
Ingabe i-hydrogen inciphisa kanjani izimboni ezisebenzisa amandla amaningi njengensimbi nosimende?
Ukushisa okuphezulu kanye nokusabela kwamakhemikhali kumelela ezinye zezinhlelo ezibaluleke kakhulu ze-hydrogen ehlanzekile ezindaweni zezimboni. Ezensimbi, i-hydrogen isebenza njenge-ejenti yokunciphisa ekukhiqizeni i-H2-DRI, iguqule insimbi eluhlaza ibe yinsimbi yensimbi ngqo kuyilapho ikhipha umhwamuko wamanzi esikhundleni se-CO₂. Izitshalo zikasimende nazo zingasebenzisa iziko ezisebenza nge-hydrogen cishe ku-1,450 °C futhi zinciphise kakhulu ukukhishwa kwazo okuvela kuphethiloli. Izindawo zokucwenga uwoyela, izimboni zengilazi, izindawo zokuncibilikisa i-aluminium, nezitshalo zamakhemikhali zishintsha kancane kancane izishisi zegesi yemvelo nge-hydrogen ezinyathelweni eziningi zenqubo. Ngenxa yokuthi lezi zikhungo zisebenzisa amakhulu amathani e-hydrogen usuku ngalunye, isidingo sazo sifaneleka ama-hub amakhulu e-electrolysis futhi sisheshisa ukwehla kwezindleko kulo lonke uchungechunge lwenani. Ngokwamukelwa okunjalo kwezimboni, abakhiqizi bakhombisa ukuthi ukunciphisa i-carbon kungenzeka ngobuchwepheshe futhi kukhanga ngokwezomnotho.
Ingabe i-hydrogen iphephile ukusetshenziswa ezakhiweni zamahhovisi entengiselwano?
IHydrogen isiye yaphathwa ngokuphephile isikhathi esingaphezu kwekhulu leminyaka ezindaweni zokucwenga uwoyela, ezimbonini zamakhemikhali, nasezindaweni zezindiza, futhi ukufakwa kwezakhiwo zesimanje kulandela izimiso namazinga aphezulu omhlaba wonke. Ama-fuel cell generators ahlanganisa izinto zokuthola ukuvuza, ama-valve okuzivala ngokuzenzakalela, ukutholwa komlilo, ukuxhumana komoya, nezinhlelo zokukhipha umfutho ngqo esakhiweni seyunithi. Ngenxa yokuthi i-hydrogen inyuka ngokushesha uma ikhululwa, ishabalala ngokushesha okukhulu kune-gas yemvelo ezindaweni ezivalekile, futhi ukubekwa kwamakhabethe angaphandle noma ezindaweni eziphezulu kunciphisa ingozi kakhulu. Uma i-generator ifakwa yithimba lobunjiniyela eliqeqeshiwe elilandela uhlelo oluhlelekile lokuxazulula, ukuqalisa ukusebenza akunzima kakhulu kunokufaka i-chiller enkulu. Ngakho-ke izinzuzo zokusebenza zidlula ukukhathazeka: azikho imikhiqizo yokushisa, akukho kuchitheka kukaphethiloli, futhi umsindo omncane kakhulu uma kusebenza ngomthwalo ogcwele.
Ingabe i-hydrogen namandla avuselelekayo angasekela amandla ezentengiselwano asebenza njalo?
Ugesi ovuselelekayo, ukuhlukaniswa ngogesi, kanye nokugcinwa kwamaseli kaphethiloli kuhlangene kungakhiqiza amandla angemuva asebenzayo noma amandla ayinhloko ezindaweni zebhizinisi. Noma nini lapho ilanga noma umoya kukhiqiza amandla engeziwe, isihlukanisi sogesi siwaguqula abe yi-hydrogen bese siwagcina emathangini anengcindezi. Ngesikhathi sesidingo esiphezulu noma ukuphazamiseka kwegridi, iseli likaphethiloli lihlehlisa lokho kusebenza kwamakhemikhali bese lihlinzeka ngamandla aphelele esakhiweni noma engqalasizindeni yokushaja. Leli su lokuhambisa ngesikhathi lisho ukuthi ukutholakala kwamandla ahlanzekile akusancikile ezinhlotsheni zesimo sezulu noma ezinqumweni zokunciphisa zomhlinzeki. Empeleni iyingxenye yokugcina yesikhathi eside elahlekile edingekayo ekhempasini yebhizinisi evuselelekayo ngempela, futhi imema abanikazi bezakhiwo ukuthi babheke amandla ahlanzekile njengempahla elawulekayo kunokuba kube into eguquguqukayo encike esimweni sezulu.
Ingabe ibhizinisi kufanele liqale kanjani ukuhlola izixazululo ze-hydrogen zamandla asendaweni?
Ukuhlola okusebenzayo kuqala ngephrofayela yokulayisha yesayithi, ukubaluleka kwayo, ugesi ovuselelekayo otholakalayo, isikhala, kanye nemithetho yasekhaya ye-hydrogen. Isinyathelo esilandelayo ukuqhathanisa izindleko zikagesi ezilinganiselwe zomkhiqizi we-fuel cell nokushintshwa kwe-diesel kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwegridi esikhathini esiyiminyaka engu-20. Izinkampani kufanele ziqinisekise ukuthi isifunda sazo sinikeza izibonelelo, izitifiketi ze-green hydrogen, noma amakhredithi ekhabhoni ezinciphisa isikhathi sokubuyisela imali. Umthengisi ohlanganisiwe njenge-Shanghai Mingzheng Technology angabe esenza ucwaningo lokusebenza, alingise ukucushwa kwe-stack, futhi anikeze imishini yokukhiqiza noma yokuhlola edingekayo ukuze kusatshalaliswe ngezigaba. Ngenxa yokuthi izinhlelo ze-hydrogen ziyimojuli, izinhlangano eziningi ziqala ngeyunithi eyodwa engu-100–250 kW ngaphambi kokukhulisa ibe ama-megawatts amaningi.
Shiya ulwazi lwakho futhi sizokuthinta.