Isimo samandla emhlabeni wonke siguquka ngokuphelele njengoba amazwe ezama ukufeza izinhloso ezinkulu zokungabi namkhiphi-mpilo futhi anciphise imiphumela emibi yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Amandla omoya nelanga enze inqubekelaphambili emangalisayo, kodwa wona wodwa awakwazi ukubhekana nokwehliswa kwekhabhoni okujulile okudingekayo emikhakheni yezimboni neyezohwebo lapho imithombo yamandla evuselelekayo ehlangabezana nemikhawulo emikhulu. I-hydrogen ivela njengomthwali wamandla ohlukile futhi osebenza ngezindlela eziningi, ekwazi ukugcina amandla amaningi isikhathi eside futhi iwaguqule abe ugesi lapho kudingeka khona ngokukhipha okungaba khona noma kungabikho nhlobo lapho isetshenziswa. Izici zayo zivumela ukuhlanganiswa kwamandla avuselelekayo ezinhlelweni ezahlukahlukene njengezimboni ezinkulu, ezokuthutha amabanga amade, nokukhiqiza ugesi okungaguquki, okwenza ibalulekile ekufinyeleleni izinhloso zokungabi namkhiphi-mpilo. Njengoba utshalomali lomhlaba wonke kumaphrojekthi e-hydrogen ehlanzekile ludlula amakhulu ezigidigidi zama-dollar, le nto ishintsha ngokushesha isuke ekubeni into yasesilabhorethini ibe yisisekelo sengqalasizinda yamandla yesimanje. Lo mhlahlandlela obanzi uhlola ubuchwepheshe, ukusebenza kwezomnotho, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezimboni okwakha indlela ethembekile kakhulu eya ekusimameni nasekusimameni kwekhabhoni ephansi.

Ukwehliswa kwekhabhoni ezimbonini kuseyinselele enzima kakhulu empini yokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu ngoba imikhakha efana nensimbi, usimende, namakhemikhali ithola ukushisa okuphezulu kanye nezinqubo zokwehlisa amakhemikhali kusukela kuphethiloli wemvelo okungenakufakwa ugesi kalula ngezindlela ezijwayelekile. Ukufakwa kagesi okuqondile, ngokwesibonelo, kubhekana nezingqinamba ezinkulu zobuchwepheshe lapho izimboni zidinga amazinga okushisa aqhubekayo angaphezu kuka-1,000 degrees Celsius, isimo esivame ukwaneliseka ngokushisa amalahle, igesi yemvelo, noma ezinye izinto ezinothe ngekhabhoni. I-Hydrogen inikeza enye indlela ekhulayo ngokusebenza njengophethiloli ohlanzekile wezinqubo zokushisa okuphezulu kanye nanjenge-reagent yamakhemikhali ethathela indawo yekhabhoni ekuphenduleni okubalulekile, ngaleyo ndlela iqeda ukukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa ngaphandle kokudela ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlelo zokukhiqiza ugesi ezincike emalahleni noma kugesi wemvelo zingahlanganisa kancane kancane i-hydrogen emishinini ekhona kanye nezimbiza zokubilisa, zinikeze isu lesikhashana elinciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi ngenkathi zigcina ukuthembeka kwegridi. Isidingo se-hydrogen enekhabhoni ephansi akusona nje ukulindela; iminotho eminingi eholayo isivele yenze izinhlelo zikazwelonke ze-hydrogen eziqondise emandleni okukhiqiza abe ngama-multi-gigawatt ngo-2030. Ukwengeza, ingqalasizinda ye-hydrogen izovula ukusebenzisana okukhulu phakathi kwemikhakha efana nezikhungo zokuthutha, amapaki ezimboni, namasistimu kagesi asemadolobheni, idale amaketanga amasha enani namathuba emisebenzi. Ngaphandle kokusatshalaliswa kabanzi kwe-hydrogen enekhabhoni ephansi, ukufeza umgomo we-1.5 degrees Celsius weSivumelwano saseParis kungadinga iminikelo engenakufinyeleleka ngokwezinto ezintsha zobuchwepheshe nokukhula komnotho. Ngenxa yalezi zizathu, i-hydrogen iyibhuloho elibalulekile phakathi komnotho wanamuhla oncike kwekhabhoni nomphakathi wakusasa ongenakhabhoni.

I-Electrolysis, inqubo yokuhlukanisa ama-molecule amanzi abe i-hydrogen ne-oxygen kusetshenziswa ugesi, imi njengobuchwepheshe obuyisisekelo bokukhiqiza i-green hydrogen, inqobo nje uma ugesi uvela emithonjeni evuselelekayo. Phakathi kwezinhlobo ezahlukene ze-electrolyzer, i-alkaline (ALK) electrolysis imele indlela evuthiwe futhi efakazelwe kwezohwebo, esebenzisa i-liquid alkaline electrolyte efana ne-potassium hydroxide futhi isebenza emazingeni okushisa aphakathi nendawo. Inzuzo eyinhloko yama-alkaline electrolyzers ilele ekuqineni kwawo okuphezulu kanye nezindleko eziphansi zongxiwankulu, okutholakala ngokungabikho kwama-catalyst ayigugu angewona ama-noble metal, okwenza athandeke ikakhulukazi ezitshalweni ezinkulu ezimaphakathi zokukhiqiza i-hydrogen. Nokho, lezi zinhlelo ngokwesiko zibonisa ukuminyana kwamanje okuphansi kanye namandla alinganiselwe okuphendula ngokushesha, okunciphisa ikhono lazo lokulandela ngokuqondile ukushintshashintsha komphumela wamapulazi omoya nelanga. Ngenxa yalokho, i-anion exchange membrane (AEM) electrolysis ivele njengobuchwepheshe obuyingxube obuguquguqukayo obuhlanganisa izici eziphansi nezokuqina ze-alkaline systems nokusebenza kahle okuphezulu nokulandela umthwalo ngokushesha kwe-proton exchange membrane (PEM) systems. Ama-AEM electrolyzers asebenzisa i-solid polymer membrane eqhuba ama-hydroxide ions ngenkathi ehlukanisa izingxenye zokukhiqiza i-oxygen ne-hydrogen, ngaleyo ndlela evumela ukusebenza emazingeni aphezulu kakhulu okuminyana kwamanje nangemiklamo emincane kakhulu ye-stack. Leli qhinga lobuchwepheshe lisiza ukuhlanganiswa okungcono nemithombo yamandla evuselelekayo ngoba ama-AEM units angaphendula ekushintsheni kwamandla phakathi kwama-milliseconds, isici esibalulekile ekugcinweni kwamandla ezingeni le-grid nasekuhlanganiseni ngokuqondile i-renewable-to-hydrogen. Zombili i-ALK ne-AEM technologies zinikeza izinzuzo ezihambisanayo, futhi abakhiqizi abahamba phambili bathuthukisa amasistimu ama-modular anciphisa izindleko zokufaka, anciphise izidingo zendawo, futhi enze lula izinhlelo zokunakekela kubasebenzisi bokugcina. Ngokusekela kokubili izindlela ezisunguliwe nezisafufukayo ze-electrolysis, imboni isheshisa ijika lezindleko ukuze ilingane nokukhiqizwa kwe-hydrogen okuvamile, ngaleyo ndlela yenza i-green hydrogen ibe yinto engokoqobo esebenzayo ezimbonini eziningi namuhla.

Amasistimu amaseli kaphethiloli e-hydrogen aguqulela amandla amakhemikhali agcinwe ku-hydrogen ngokuqondile abe ugesi ngokusebenzisa ukusabela kwe-electrochemical, kukhiqize kuphela amanzi ahlanzekile nokushisa njengemikhiqizo engemihle, okwenza kufaneleke kakhulu ekukhiqizeni ugesi okusabalalisiwe nasekuqhubeni izimoto. Ezinsizeni ezihlala zikhona, amaseli kaphethiloli ahlinzeka ngamandla okusekela ahlanzekile ezakhiweni zezentengiselwano, izikhungo zedatha, izimboni, nengqalasizinda ebalulekile lapho ukuqhubeka kukagesi kubaluleke kakhulu, futhi ama-generator adizela engasamukeleki ngenxa yokukhishwa kwezinto ezimbi nomsindo. Izikhungo zedatha, ikakhulukazi, zifuna izixazululo zokusekela ezingakhiphi zero-emission njengoba ukusetshenziswa kwazo kwamandla kukhuphuka nge-artificial intelligence nezinsiza zamafu, futhi amaseli kaphethiloli e-hydrogen athembisa isikhathi eside nokugcinwa okuphansi uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izindlela zebhetri. Abakhiqizi bezimoto nabaqhubi bezinqola baya ngokuya bamukela amasistimu amandla amaseli kaphethiloli e-hydrogen ezimotweni zezentengiselwano ezifana namaloli namabhasi, adinga amabanga amade nezikhathi zokufaka uphethiloli ezimfushane okunzima ukuthi izimoto zikagesi ezisebenzisa amabhetri zikunikeze. Amaloli kagesi asebenzisa amaseli kaphethiloli angafinyelela amabanga angaphezu kuka-800 wamakhilomitha ngethangi elilodwa, egcwele ngokugcwele, kuyilapho ukufaka uphethiloli kuthatha nje imizuzu eyishumi nambili kuya kweyishumi nanhlanu, okuyinzuzo enkulu ezinkampanini zokuthutha ezibeka phambili ukuqhubeka kokusebenza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaseli kaphethiloli akhipha umhwamuko wamanzi kuphela, okwenza imisebenzi yezokuthutha yezentengiselwano ikwazi ukuhambisana nemithethonqubo eqinisiwe yekhwalithi yomoya ezikhungweni zamadolobha amakhulu nasemigwaqweni yezimpahla yangaphakathi. Ukuhlanganiswa kwamaseli kaphethiloli nama-electrolyzer kwenza kube nokwenzeka umjikelezo ovalekile "wamandla-kuya-gesi-kuya-amandla", lapho ugesi oguquguqukayo oweqile ukhiqiza khona i-hydrogen okuthi kamuva ikhiqize ugesi ngesikhathi sokufunwa okuphezulu noma lapho ugesi unqamuka. Njengoba izindleko zamasistimu amaseli kaphethiloli zehla ngokukhuliswa kokukhiqiza ngesilinganiso esikhulu ngokuhambisana nokwanda kwe-China kwe-electrolyzer production capacity, lawa ma-unit ase efinyeleleka ngokwezimali ezinhlelweni zezentengiselwano ezisabalalisiwe. Amamojula amaseli kaphethiloli ahleli khona asukela ku-10 kilowatts kuya esikalini se-megawatt manje ase atholakala ezinkampanini ezifana ne-Shanghai Mingzheng Technology, esekela izinhlobonhlobo zezinjongo zokuqina nokusimama kwamabhizinisi anamuhla.

Izindleko ezilinganiselwe zikagesi (LCOE) ezikhiqizwa amasistimu wamaseli kaphethiloli we-hydrogen zehle kakhulu eminyakeni eyishumi edlule, kusukela cishe ku-0.40 amadola aseMelika nge-kilowatt-hour kuya cishe ku-0.15 kuya ku-0.20 amadola ekusetshenzisweni kwamanje kwezimboni, futhi ukuqamba okusha okuqhubekayo kukhombisa ukwehla okwengeziwe. Ukuqagela kwabahlaziyi bezimboni kuphakamisa ukuthi ngo-2030, i-LCOE yamaseli kaphethiloli anikwa amandla i-hydrogen evuselelekayo izofinyelela ukulingana noma yehle ngaphansi kwamaturbine egesi emvelo avamile aphakeme, okwamanje asebenza cishe ku-0.05 kuya ku-0.10 amadola nge-kilowatt-hour yamandla, nakuba lokhu kungabandakanyi izinto ezingaphandle zokukhishwa kwekhabhoni. Izici eziningana zesakhiwo ziqhuba ukwehliswa kwezindleko, okuhlanganisa nokwehla kwezindleko zongxiwankulu bama-electrolyzer, okulindeleke ukuthi zehle ngamaphesenti angu-40 kuya kwangu-60 eminyakeni emihlanu ezayo njengoba imigqa yokukhiqiza ngezinga le-gigawatt iqala ukusebenza. Okubaluleke ngokulinganayo yikwehla kwenani likagesi ovuselelekayo, okwakha amaphesenti angu-60 kuya kwangu-70 ezindleko zokukhiqiza i-hydrogen eluhlaza, futhi amanani e-solar nawomoya asevele engaphansi kuka-0.02 amadola nge-kilowatt-hour ezifundeni eziningi zomhlaba. Ukuthuthukiswa kokusebenza kahle kukho kokubili amasistimu we-electrolysis nawamaseli kaphethiloli kukhuphula ukusebenza kahle okuphelele kwe-round-trip yezindlela zokuguqula i-hydrogen ibe amandla, ngokusetshenziswa okukhulu kwesimanje okuthola ukusebenza kahle okungaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-45, kunciphisa izindleko zokusebenza eziphumelelayo. Ukonga ngezinga lokukhiqiza, kuhlangene nemigqa yokuhlanganisa ezenzakalelayo yama-bipolar plates nama-membrane electrode assemblies, kunciphisa ngokushesha izindleko ze-stack, okungokomlando okwakubalwa njengengxenye enkulu kunazo zonke yenani lesistimu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindlela zokubeka intengo yekhabhoni kanye nezidingo eziphoqelelayo zokuthenga izinto ezivuselelekayo ezindaweni ezifana ne-European Union ne-China zengeza isijeziso ezinkethweni ezingemuva ezisekelwe kuphethiloli wamafosili, okuthuthukisa ngempumelelo umnotho we-hydrogen uma kuqhathaniswa. Lapho lezi zici zihlangana, amaseli kaphethiloli we-hydrogen ngeke asebenze nje kuphela njengamandla angemuva ahlanzekile kodwa futhi njengamandla ayinhloko nawaphakeme kugridi elawulwa izinto ezivuselelekayo, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinobusika obude ogwini noma izinkathi ezinde ezinamafu. Umkhondo awunaphutha: i-hydrogen izoba yisinqumo esinengqondo kakhulu kwezomnotho nakwezemvelo sokukhiqiza amandla kwezentengiselwano nokuhamba ngezimoto ezisindayo ngaphambi kokuba le minyaka eyishumi iphele.

Imboni yensimbi inomthelela ocishe ube ngamaphesenti angu-7 kuya kwangu-9 wokukhishwa kwe-carbon dioxide emhlabeni wonke, futhi ibhekene nengcindezi enkulu yokushintsha isuke ezindlini zokuncibilikisa ezisebenzisa amalahle iye ezindleleni ezihlanzekile zokukhiqiza ezisebenziseka kwezobuchwepheshe nakwezohwebo. Ubuchwepheshe be-hydrogen-based direct reduced iron (DRI) busebenzisa i-hydrogen esikhundleni segesi yemvelo noma amalahle njengento enciphisa i-iron ore, bukhiqiza i-direct reduced iron kanye nomhwamuko wamanzi esikhundleni se-carbon dioxide eyingozi. Le nqubo ye-hydrogen DRI isivele ikhonjisiwe ezingeni lokuhlola nokwentengiselwano, inikeza amandla okunciphisa ukukhishwa kwezinto ezisuka ekwenzeni insimbi ngaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-95 uma kusetshenziswa i-green hydrogen noma uma iziko likagesi le-arc elisebenza ngogesi ovuselelekayo liqedela inqubo. Ngokufanayo, umkhakha wokukhiqiza usimende, omunye umkhakha okhipha kakhulu izinto ezingcolisayo, uhlola i-hydrogen njengento engathatha indawo yamalahle ne-pet coke kuma-rotary kiln, lapho ukushiswa kwe-hydrogen kunikeza ukushisa okunamandla, okuhlanzekile okudingekayo ekukhiqizeni i-clinker ngaphandle kokukhipha i-carbon dioxide. Nokho, usimende unikeza inzuzo eyengeziwe: i-hydrogen ingakhiqizwa endaweni yona kusetshenziswa ugesi ovuselelekayo, okugwema izinkinga zokuthutha futhi kuvumela ukutholwa kabusha kokushisa okungamandla enqubweni yokushisisa ngaphambili, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kwamandla. Ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa okuqondile, i-hydrogen iphinde isebenze njengomthombo wamandla ekwehliseni ngokujulile ukukhishwa kwezinto kwezinye izinqubo zezimboni ezifana nokuncibilikisa ingilazi, ukuncibilikisa i-aluminium, nokukhiqiza i-lime, nazo ezithembele ekusebenzeni okude kokushisa okuphezulu. Ohulumeni nezinhlangano zezimboni batshala izigidi zamakhulu ezamaRandi ezitshalweni zokubonisa zokwenza insimbi nge-hydrogen eYurophu, e-Asia, nase-Australia, okukhombisa ukuvumelana okunamandla ngendima yalobu buchwepheshe. Ngenxa yalokho, abaqalayo emkhakheni wensimbi nosimende abasebenzisa izindlela ezisebenzisa i-hydrogen bazothola inzuzo yokuncintisana ngokuthuthukisa isithunzi sezemvelo, ukuvumelana nezidingo zokusimama zabathengi, kanye nezindleko eziphansi zokuthobela imithetho esikhathini esizayo. Izinqubo zezimboni ezihlanganisa ama-electrolyzer, ukugcinwa kwe-hydrogen, namayunithi e-fuel cell ahlanganisa ukukhiqiza ukushisa namandla kudala izinhlelo zamandla eziqinile zendawo ezinciphisa ukuchayeka emazingeni aguquguqukayo ezintengo zikaphethiloli kanye nokuphazamiseka okungenzeka kokunikezwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-electrolyzer asetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza i-hydrogen angakwazi ngesikhathi esisodwa ukunikeza izinsiza zokulinganisa igridi kubathengi bezimboni, okudala umthombo wemali owengeziwe othuthukisa ngokwengeziwe isimo sezomnotho sokukhiqiza okuhlanzekile.

I-Mingzheng Technology Co., Ltd. yase-Shanghai isungule ukuzinza njengenkampani yezobuchwepheshe obuphezulu ezinikele ekuthuthukiseni izixazululo zamandla e-hydrogen eluhlaza, inikeza uhla olubanzi lwezinhlelo zamaseli kaphethiloli, imishini yokukhiqiza, namathuluzi okuhlola imvelo. Inkampani isekela lonke uchungechunge lwevelu ye-hydrogen, kusukela ekuklanyweni kolayini wokukhiqiza nasekuhlanganiseni okuzenzakalelayo kwe-stack kuya kumabhentshi okuhlola aphelele namagumbi ezimo zezulu alawulwayo asetshenziselwa ukuqinisekisa izingxenye ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima. Iphothifoliyo yazo yemishini ehlobene namaseli kaphethiloli ihlanganisa imigqa yokukhiqiza ezenzakalelayo enika amandla ukukhiqizwa kwevolumu ephezulu kwemihlangano ye-membrane electrode, izingqimba zokusabalalisa igesi, nama-stack aphelele, ngaleyo ndlela kunciphisa izindleko nokuthuthukisa ukungaguquguquki kwekhwalithi kumakhasimende. Ngaphezu kokukhiqizwa kwe-hydrogen nokukhiqizwa kwamaseli kaphethiloli, imikhiqizo ye-Mingzheng ibhekana nesidingo esibalulekile sezinhlelo zokuhlola ezithembekile eziqinisekisa ukuphepha, ukuqina, nokusebenza kwezinhlelo zamaseli kaphethiloli ngaphambi kokuthi zisetshenziswe kwezohwebo. Imikhiqizo ethengiswa kakhulu kuwebhusayithi yabo ikhombisa izinhlelo zokukhiqiza amandla ngamandla ahlanzekile, izixazululo ze-hydrogen fuel cell ezimile, amajeneretha aphathwayo, nama-fuel cell powertrains, okubonisa ukusetshenziswa okubanzi ezakhiweni zezentengiselwano, izindawo ezikude, nezimfuyo zezokuthutha. Ubuchwepheshe benkampani busekelwe emandleni aqinile ocwaningo nokuthuthukisa kanye nezitifiketi, okuqinisekisa ukuthi yonke imishini ihlangabezana namazinga omhlaba wonke okonga amandla nezemvelo. Emabhizinisini afuna ukushintshela ekusaseni elinokukhuthala okuphansi kwekhabhoni, i-Mingzheng inikeza ukubonisana okuphelele nokusekelwa kusukela ekuklanyweni kokuqala kuze kufike ekugunyazweni nasekwenziweni kwenkonzo yangemva kokuthengisa, konke kubhalwe kuwebhusayithi yabo esemthethweni ngaphansi kwekhasi lenhloso yenkampani. Ukujula kobuchwepheshe nokukhiqiza okusheshayo kwe-Shanghai Mingzheng Technology kuyibeka njengozakwethu onokwethenjelwa kubadlali bezimboni abafuna ukusebenzisa ama-electrolyzer, amaseli kaphethiloli, noma izinhlelo ezihlanganisiwe ze-hydrogen ngokuzethemba nokuphepha kwesikhathi eside kokusebenza. Ungahlola imininingwane yabo eningiliziweMayelana Nathi iphrofayili ukuze uqonde amakhono, noma ubuyekeze Isixazululo izibonelo ukuze ubone ukuhlanganiswa okusebenzayo. I-Okuthengiswa kakhulu*** ikhasi ligqamisa imikhiqizo eqinisekisiwe yokukhiqiza amandla kanye ne-fuel cell powertrain elungele ukusetshenziswa, kanye Igumbi Lezemvelo amakhasi anemininingwane ephelele yemigqa yokuhlola ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle. Ukuzibophezela kwabo kubonakala ekusunguleni okuqhubekayo, okuboniswa ukuphelele Ukuphayona Ubusha be-Green Hydrogen & Environmental Testing ikhasi lasekhaya, elisebenza njengomnyango wokuguqula iphrojekthi yakho ye-hydrogen isuke emcabangweni ibe yiqiniso.

Ukuhlangana kwezinto ezibalulekile ezishayelayo — inqubomgomo yezulu ephuthumayo, ukwehla okumangalisayo kwezindleko zobuchwepheshe, kanye nokukhula kwezibopho zokusimama kwezinkampani — kuphawula i-hydrogen njengomvuzi oqinisekile wohlelo lwamandla olusemhlabeni wonke olungenasisiqalathi. Kusukela ekukhiqizeni insimbi ngendlela ehlanzekile nokunika amandla izakhiwo zezentengiselwano ngesikhathi sokucisha kukagesi kuya ekushayeleni amaloli amakhulu athwala umgogodla womnotho, izixazululo ze-hydrogen zibhekana nezinselele amabhetri nawamandla avuselelekayo angakwazi ukuzinqoba. Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-ALK ne-AEM electrolysis nezakhiwo ezithuthukisiwe zama-fuel cell kuqinisekisa ukuthi ugesi ohlanzekile ungagcinwa, uthuthwe, futhi ubuyiselwe emuva ngokusebenza okuthuthukayo nokukwazi ukusimama kwezimali. Ukwehla kwezindleko zamandla ezilinganiselwe ezivela ezinhlelweni zama-fuel cell, okubikezelwa ukuthi kuzonciphisa imithombo yendabuko eminyakeni embalwa, kwenza ukwamukelwa kungabi nje isinqumo sezemvelo kodwa futhi kube isinqumo esihlakaniphile sezomnotho. Njengoba kuchaziwe ngokuningiliziwe ngenhla, uguquko luhlanganisa izimboni nezindawo ezahlukene, luletha amathuba abambekayo kwabangena kuqala ukuze bathole izinzuzo zokuncintisana. Izinkampani ezisebenzisa izakhiwo zamahhovisi ezentengiselwano, izikhungo zedatha, izindawo zezimboni, noma izimoto zempahla kufanele zicabangele ngokujulile ukuguqula izinhlelo zazo zamandla zibe amapulatifomu alungele i-hydrogen ngaphambi kokuba izinhlawulo zokukhishwa kwekhabhoni zikhule ngokwengeziwe. I-Shanghai Mingzheng Technology ihlinzeka ngeqoqo eliqondile lobuchwepheshe — okuhlanganisa imishini yokukhiqiza, amabhokisi okuhlola, amamojula ama-fuel cell, nezinhlelo ezihlanganisiwe zamandla ahlanzekile — okuvumela indlela engenazinkinga yokudlulela kulokhu kusasa okungenasisiqalathi. Manje yisikhathi sokuqalisa amaphrojekthi okuhlola, ukubandakanya abeluleki bezobuchwepheshe, nokusungula izivumelwano zokuthenga zesikhathi eside ze-green hydrogen ukuze kutholakale imbuyiselo ebalulekile neqhubekayo kutshalweni kwezimali. Ukwenza isenzo ngokuqinile namuhla kuzobeka ibhizinisi lakho phakathi kwabahamba phambili bokukhiqiza okuhlanzekile futhi kuqinisekise ukufinyelela okungenamkhawulo ezimakethe zomhlaba wonke ezilanda ngokuya ngokwanda amaketanga okuhlinzeka angakhiphi khabhoni.

Amasistimu we-Hydrogen fuel cell aklanyelwe ukusetshenziswa njengomthombo wamandla ophuthumayo ngokuvamile abonisa impilo yokusebenza yamahora ayi-10,000 kuya kwangama-30,000, kuye ngephrofayili yokusebenza nobuchwepheshe be-stack obusetshenziswayo. Empeleni, ezinhlelweni zokusebenza okuphuthumayo ezisebenza amahora ambalwa kuphela ngonyaka ngezikhathi zokugcwala noma zokucisha kukagesi, lokhu kuhambisana nempilo esebenzisekayo yeminyaka eyi-10 kuya kweyi-15, kufana namajeneretha ajwayelekile. Ukunakekelwa okuvamile, okuhlanganisa ukuhlolwa kwe-membrane hydration ngezikhathi ezithile kanye nokuhlolwa kwesimo se-catalyst, kungakwandisa kakhulu ukusebenza kwe-stack. Abakhiqizi abaningi, kuhlanganise nabahamba phambili baseShayina, banikeza iziqinisekiso zokusebenza ezihlanganisa ukusebenza kahle kwesistimu kanye nomphumela wamahora athile. Ngakho-ke, lapho kuhlolwa amasistimu okuphuthumayo, amabhizinisi kufanele asebenzisane nabathengisi abanikeza ukwesekwa kobuchwepheshe okucacile kwawo wonke umjikelezo kanye nezinhlelo ezinemininingwane zokushintsha i-stack. Ukuze uthole izeluleko eziqondene nohlelo oluthile, ukubhekisela emakhasini obuchwepheshe anikezwa ochwepheshe abafana ne-Shanghai Mingzheng kungaqinisekisa ukufana okufanele komjikelezo wempilo yesistimu nezidingo zesikhungo.

Ama-electrolyzer e-Alkaline (ALK) ngokujwayelekile athola ukusebenza kahle kukagesi okungamaphesenti angu-60-70 kodwa anezinga lokukhuphuka elihamba kancane futhi adinga isikhathi esengeziwe ukufinyelela ekusebenzeni okugcwele lapho eqala ebanda. Ngokuphambene, ama-electrolyzer e-anion exchange membrane (AEM) anikeza izikhathi zokusabela ezisheshayo ezingaphansi kwama-microseconds angamakhulu ambalwa, okuvumela ukuxhunywa okuqondile nemithombo evuselelekayo eguquguqukayo njengomoya nelanga. Amayunithi e-AEM nawo abonisa amandla aphezulu okuminyana kwamanje, ethola ukukhiqizwa kwe-hydrogen okwengeziwe ngayunithi yendawo ye-membrane, okunciphisa ubukhulu be-stack kanye nezindleko zongxiwankulu. Nakuba izinhlelo ze-ALK zihlala zisebenza kahle kakhulu ngezindleko ezindaweni ezinkulu kakhulu zokukhiqiza eziqhubekayo, ubuchwepheshe be-AEM buya kuthandwa kakhulu ezinhlelweni ezihlukanisiwe neziguquguqukayo lapho ukungaguquguquki kokuvuseleleka kudinga ukulandela umthwalo ngokushesha. Bobubili ubuchwepheshe babelana ngenzuzo yokugwema ama-catalyst ensimbi eyigugu, okubahlukanisa nezinhlelo ze-PEM ngezindleko zezinto zokwakha. Njengoba amandla okukhiqiza ekhula, zombili izindlela kulindeleke ukuthi zibone ukuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kokusebenza kahle kanye nokuncishiswa kwezindleko zongxiwankulu eminyakeni emihlanu ezayo. Ukukhetha okufanele kuncike kumaphrofayili wokukhiqiza othile, ukutholakala kwezinsiza ezivuselelekayo, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-hydrogen okufiswayo, okudinga ukuhlolwa ngokucophelela kwezobuchwepheshe nezomnotho.

Izinhlelo zamanje zezimboni zama-fuel cell zithola i-LCOE ecishe ibe ngama-dollar angu-150-200 eMelika nge-megawatt-hour (0.15-0.20 dollar nge-kilowatt-hour), kuyilapho ama-turbine egesi avamile okusebenza ngesikhathi esiphezulu esebenza cishe ngama-dollar angu-50-100 nge-megawatt-hour, okukhombisa izindleko eziphansi zokuguquguquka kukaphethiloli. Nokho, uma kubhekwa intela ekhulayo yekhabhoni, izinzuzo zokuqina kwegridi, kanye nokwehla okulindelekile kwezintengo zokunikezwa kwe-hydrogen, i-LCOE yamandla e-fuel cell kulinganiselwa ukuthi izokwehla ibe ngaphansi kweyama-turbine egesi ngonyaka ka-2030. Ngonyaka ka-2035, ezinye izilinganiso zibikezela ukuthi i-LCOE yamandla akhiqizwa nge-hydrogen izofinyelela kuma-dollar angu-80-120 nge-megawatt-hour ezifundeni ezinemithombo evuselelekayo enezindleko eziphansi, okwenza kube yindlela engabiza kakhulu yokusabalalisa nokuyisa amandla ezimakethe eziningi zikagesi. Izinga lokwehla kwezindleko lixhumene kakhulu nokwehla kwezindleko zama-electrolyzer, ukwanda kokusetshenziswa kwama-electrolyzer, kanye nokwehla kwama-PPA avuselelekayo (izivumelwano zokuthenga amandla). Ngenxa yokuthi ama-fuel cell aba namandla futhi ashibile uma esetshenziswa ngobuningi, i-LCOE yawo izothola umfutho onqumayo ekusheshisweni kokusetshenziswa ezimotweni zezentengiselwano nasezinsizeni ezihlala zikhona. Ngakho-ke, amamodeli ezezimali afaka izintengo zekusasa ze-hydrogen akhombisa ukuthi ukutshalwa kwezimali okusebenzayo kuzoletha ukonga okukhulu ezikhathini zokuphila kwempahla uma kuqhathaniswa nokulinda ukuthi imishini emidala ithathe umhlalaphansi.

Yebo, amasistimu amaseli kaphethiloli e-hydrogen angasebenza njengemithombo yamandla eyinhloko yezakhiwo zezohwebo nezindawo zezimboni, anikeze amandla aqhubekayo, asezingeni eliphezulu ngezinga le-megawatt lapho ukuxhumana kwegridi kungazange kube khona noma kubiza kakhulu. Izinkampani ezihamba phambili zezokuxhumana nabahlinzeki bamafu bafaka amaseli kaphethiloli asebenza ubusuku nemini, esebenzisa i-hydrogen egcinwe endaweni noma ipayipi legesi elizinikezelwe, ukuze baqinisekise amandla athembekile kungakhathaliseki izimo zendawo zegridi. Lokhu kufakwa nakho kukhiqiza ukushisa okungasebenzi okungatholakala futhi kusetshenziselwe ukufudumeza noma amanzi ashisayo, kukhuphule ukusebenza kahle kokushisa nokugesi kube ngaphezu kwamaphesenti angama-85. Ezindaweni ezinamandla avuselelekayo amaningi nokuxhumeka kwegridi, zivame ukusebenza ngendlela ehlanganisiwe lapho ugesi udonswa egridini ngezikhathi ezingezona eziphakeme kanye nakumaseli kaphethiloli ngezikhathi zamanani aphezulu ukuze kukhuliswe ukonga kwezindleko zamandla. Njengoba ukuqina kwamaseli kaphethiloli kuthuthuka, izilinganiso zobuchwepheshe zomsebenzi oqhubekayo zikhula kancane kancane, futhi manje amamodeli amaningi asekela ukusebenza kweminyaka engaphezu kwamahora angu-8,000 ngokucekeleka okuncane. Ngakho-ke, isixazululo se-hydrogen esihlanganiswe ngokugcwele esiqhutshwa izinkampani ezinobungcweti kulo mkhakha singasebenza kahle njengamandla ayisisekelo noma alandelayo, sihlangabezane nezidingo zokuqina nokusimama zengqalasizinda yezimboni yanamuhla. Izinsiza zokweluleka zitholakala kabanzi ukwenza ucwaningo lokuthi kungenzeka nokulinganisa kosayizi kwalokhu kufakwa, njengalezo ezihlinzekwa abaphayona benzi bama-electrolyzer namaseli kaphethiloli.

Ukuze kugcinwe ukusebenza okuphephile nokuphumelelayo kwamaseli kaphethiloli iminyaka eminingi, izingxenye ezibalulekile ezifana namalungu angama-membrane, amapuleti e-bipolar, nokuvala kufanele zihlolwe kabanzi ngemvelo okuhlanganisa ukushintshashintsha kwezinga lokushisa, ukumelana nomswakama, inkungu kasawoti, nokuhlolwa kokushaqeka okushisayo. Ukwethembeka kokusebenza kwezinhlelo zamaseli kaphethiloli ezindaweni ezinamakhaza kudinga ukuhlolwa emazingeni okushisa aphansi afinyelela ku--40°C, kanti ukusetshenziswa ogwadule kudinga ukuqinisekiswa emazingeni okushisa afinyelela ku-85°C nokuchayeka okuphezulu emisebeni ye-ultraviolet. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlolwa kokudlidliza ngomshini nokushaqeka okungahleliwe kufanisa izimo zangempela zezimoto ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuvuza nokwehluleka kwesakhiwo ezinhlelweni zezimoto zezentengiselwano. Amakamelo omswakama aqinisekisa ukuthi ukuvala kuhlala kuqinile lapho kuchayeka ekujuleni kwamanzi, kanti amakamelo aphakeme aqinisekisa ukusebenza ezindaweni eziphakeme zasemadolobheni. Ngokusebenzisa amakamelo emvelo ajwayelekile, abakhiqizi bangabikezela impilo yensimu futhi banciphise ubungozi bokwehluleka kwangaphambi kwesikhathi, baqinisekise ukwethenjwa kwamakhasimende nokwethenjwa kwezimali. Wonke umhlanganisi ohamba phambili wezinhlelo usebenzisa izindawo zokuhlola ezilinganiswe ngokwezifiso ukuze ahlangabezane nalezi zimfuneko, ehambisana namazinga aqinile omhlaba we-ISO ne-IEC ahlobene nezinhlelo zamandla.

I-hydrogen iyigesi elula kakhulu ehlakazeka ngokushesha emkhathini uma ivuzwa, inciphisa kakhulu amathuba okunqwabelana okungaholela ekuqhumeni. Uma iphathwa ngokungenisa umoya okufanele, amadivayisi okwehlisa umfutho, nezinto ezihambisana ne-hydrogen, ukuphepha kwemvelo kwezinhlelo ze-hydrogen kuyalingana noma kudlule ezinye izinto ezivuthayo. Imithethonqubo nezindinganiso zemboni, ezifana ne-NFPA 2 ne-ISO/TR 15916, zinikeza imibandela enemininingwane yokugcina okuphephile, amapayipi, nokusebenza, abakhiqizi abayilandela ngokuqinile ngesikhathi sokuklama nokuhlola. Izindawo ezivaliwe ezigcina amaseli kaphethiloli zifakwe izinzwa zokugxila kwe-hydrogen ezivula ukuvala okuzenzakalelayo kwesistimu futhi zivule amayunithi okungenisa umoya aguquguqukayo ngaphambi kokuba ubungozi buvele. Ngenxa yokuthi amalangabi e-hydrogen akhipha ukushisa okuncane futhi anamandla aphansi okuzivutha, ubunjiniyela bokuphepha bugxile ekugwemeni noma yikuphi ukunqwabelana kunokuthembela ekungashukumini kuphela. Ekuphetheni, uma inikezwa futhi ihlanganiswa abahlinzeki bezobuchwepheshe abaqinisekisiwe, izinhlelo ze-hydrogen ziyizengezo eziphephile ngokuphelele engqalasizindeni yamandla nokuhamba kwezikhungo, zisekelwa yiminyaka yokusebenza okuphephile kwezohwebo ekusebenzisaneni kwe-solar-grid ezindaweni zomhlaba wonke.

Amalori kagesi we-fuel cell kanye namabhasi akhipha umhwamuko wamanzi kuphela empompini yomsila, okwenza kube ukungakhiphi okungcolile empeleni ngesikhathi esebenza futhi kuqede i-nitrogen oxides kanye ne-particulate matter ekonakalisa ikhwalithi yomoya yendawo kakhulu. Lapho i-hydrogen ikhiqizwa kusetshenziswa ugesi ovuselelekayo (i-green hydrogen), umkhondo wokukhipha i-carbon well-to-wheel wonke ufinyelela izinga elicishe libe zero, kunciphisa kakhulu i-1.2 kilograms ye-CO₂ ngelinye ikhilomitha ekhishwa iloli likadizili elijwayelekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuminyana okuphezulu kwamandla e-hydrogen kunikeza lezi zimoto ibanga eliqhathaniswa nelikadizili, noma ngabe zithwele umthwalo omkhulu kunayo yonke, okuvimbela imikhawulo yokusebenza enzima kwezimoto zikagesi ezisebenzisa amabhetri emizileni emide. Lokhu-ke, kubhekana kokubili izinhloso zemvelo kanye nokuphathwa kwemikhumbi okusebenzayo, ngoba kudingeka ushintsho oluncane kuphela ezinkambisweni zomshayeli noma ekuhlelweni komzila. I-fuel cell yezimoto zezentengiselwano manje isebenza ngaphezu kwamahora angu-20,000, okuhambisana nokusebenza kwezigidi zamamayela amabhasi asemadolobheni, kugcizelela ukuqina kobuchwepheshe balendlela. Kwabaqhubi bezimoto ezindaweni ezilawulwa kakhulu, ukusebenzisa amaloli asebenza nge-hydrogen kuqinisekisa ukuthobela imithetho esesikhathini esizayo futhi kubabeke njengabaholi bokusimama ekuncintisaneni ngezinkontileka zokuthenga. Ngakho-ke, ezokuthutha ezisindayo ngenye yezinkambu eziningana zokusebenzisa lapho i-hydrogen idinga indima ebalulekile ukuze kube nesu eliphelele lokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni.

Emkhakheni wokwakha ngosimende, abakhiqizi bangaguqula iziko labo elikhona lokushisa (rotary kilns) ukuze lihlanganyele ukushisa nge-hydrogen kanye nezinto zokubasa ezijwayelekile, okuvumela ukushintshwa kancane kancane kwamalahle ngaphandle kokuvala ngokuphelele umkhiqizo ngesikhathi sokuqalisa. Ucwaningo lwezimboni luqinisekisile ukuthi izinga lokushisa nge-hydrogen elihlanganyelwe lingaba phakathi kuka-30 no-50 ekhulwini ezindaweni zokushisa (calciners), okuholela ekwehleni okukhulu kokukhishwa kwezinto ezingcolisayo kuyilapho kugcinwa ikhwalithi ye-clinker kanye nomthamo wokukhiqiza. Kodwa-ke, emkhakheni wokwenza insimbi, inqubo ephelele ye-hydrogen DRI idinga ukwakhiwa komshini omusha we-direct reduced iron shaft (DRI) ozothatha indawo yesakhiwo samanje se-blast furnace; ukufakwa okunjalo kudinga imali enkulu kodwa kuvela njenge-greenfield noma ngokuvalwa ngezigaba kwezinto ezindala zokuguqula insimbi. Iziko lokuncibilikisa insimbi ngegesi (electric arc furnaces) ezokuncibilikisa insimbi encishisiwe nge-hydrogen sezivame ezikhaleni eziningi, okusho ukuthi isigaba se-DRI esingaphezulu kuphela okudingeka sishintshwe. Ukuguqula izinhlelo zokushisa ezisizayo, izindawo zokugcina i-hydrogen, nama-electrolyzer asendaweni kungenzeka ngokuphelele ngobunjiniyela obucophelelayo, uma nje izinkinga zesikhala nokuphepha zibhekiwe. Ngenxa yokwanda kwezibonelelo zokutshala imali kanye nezintela zemingcele yekhabhoni, ucwaningo oluphelele lwamandla luqinisekisa ukuthi ukuguqula kwi-hydrogen kuba nenzuzo kwezimali phakathi neminyaka eyishumi ezimbonini zosimende nensimbi ezilindele ushintsho lwamandla.

Ukuqala ukuguquka kuqala ngokuhlolwa okuphelele kwamandla ukuze kutholakale ukuthi yiziphi izinhlelo zokusebenza — amandla okusekela, ukukhiqiza okuyisisekelo, ukuguqulwa kwezimoto, noma ukushisa kwezimboni — ezifaneleka kangcono ukuthi zihlanganyele nokuhlanganiswa kwamaseli kaphethiloli we-hydrogen. Izikhungo kufanele zihlole ukutholakala kwendawo kokunikezwa kwe-green hydrogen, kucatshangwa ukuthi i-electrolysis yasendaweni imele indlela ezimele kakhulu uma amandla avuselelekayo amaningi efakiwe noma engatholakala. Ngemva kwalokho, izinkampani kufanele zihlanganyele nozakwethu abangochwepheshe bezobunjiniyela ukuze benze izifundo zokuthi kungenzeka yini, okuhlanganisa ukulingisa kwamaphrofayili omthwalo waminyaka yonke kanye nezibalo zokubuyiselwa kwemali ngezinhlelo ezahlukene zokucushwa. Abathengisi abasezingeni eliphezulu, njenge-Shanghai Mingzheng Technology, banikeza ukuxhumana okuphelele ngokusebenzisa kwabo.Ukusekelaikhasi, lapho ingxoxo yezobuchwepheshe eqondile ingahambisana imininingwane yehadiwe nezimo zangempela zokusebenza. Ukuqala ngohlelo oluncane lwe-fuel cell olungaguquki (50 kuya ku-100 kW) kunikeza indlela enobungozi obuncane yokungena ethuthukisa amakhono angaphakathi ngenkathi iletha izinzuzo ezibonakalayo zokukhishwa kwezinto. Ngokulinganisa okuqhubekayo kokusebenza nezindleko eziphelele, izinkampani zithola ubufakazi obudingekayo ukuze zikhulise i-hydrogen ibe yindlela ebanzi yephothifoliyo ephelele. Lokhu kwamukelwa okukancane kodwa okuhlosiwe kunciphisa ubungozi bezobuchwepheshe, kuqeqesha abasebenzi bendawo, futhi kuqinisekisa uguquko olubushelelezi lwezimali kumqondo omusha wezamandla onikezwa izinhlelo ezihlanzekile ze-hydrogen.